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Filsafat Musik

December 7, 2008 by Henda Febrian

Filsafat menuntun pada kearifan (wisdom) dalam berpikir dan bertindak secara rasional. Musik sebagai seni mampu mengungkapkan hal-hal yang tidak dapat diekspresikan dengan kata-kata, ataupun oleh jenis seni lainnya – musik lebih mampu dan lebih ekspresif dalam mengungkapkan perasaan daripada bahasa lisan dan tulisan; sebab bentuk-bentuk perasaan manusia jauh lebih dekat atau sesuai dengan bentuk-bentuk musikal. Musik menanamkan dalam jiwa manusia perasaan dan budi yang halus (etika). Karena musik, jiwa mengenal harmoni dan irama (ritme), keduanya adalah landasan yang baik untuk menghidupkan rasa keadilan. Tetapi dalam pendidikan musik, harus dijauhkan lagu-lagu yang melemahkan jiwa serta mudah menimbulkan nafsu yang buruk. Seni musik dan sastra sangat berkaitan erat, juga musik merupakan bahasa filsafat. Mengapa seseorang menciptakan sebuah karya, bukankah ia tidak menciptakan unsur-unsur dari karya ciptaannya? – seperti bahasa, kata-kata, nada, ritme – Semua unsur tersebut sudah ada, dan ia hanya merangkainya menjadi suatu karya seni hasil ciptaannya. Ciptaan inilah yang sering menimbulkan persoalan filosofis.

Bangsa Yunani

Seni musik sangat penting, orang berpendidikan tinggi dan berbudi luhur disebut orang yang musikal.

Plato 422-347 SM

Musik adalah karya seni yang baik dan tinggi nilai estetikanya. Anak harus dibekali pendidikan musik, karena (1) musik merupakan seni surgawi yang mampu menyentuh perasaan dan (2) musik adalah pedoman karena syairnya dapat berisi pesan, perintah dan isyarat tertentu. Pendidikan musik dikatakan berhasil jika mampu membentuk siswa menjadi orang yang tahu mencintai keindahan. Musik mampu membuat suatu negara memiliki kekuatan yang besar serta kejayaan, sebaliknya musik juga mampu mendorong kejahatan dan meruntuhkan pemerintahan. Masyarakat yang bermoral rendah memandang musik hanya sebagai sarana hiburan dan alat bersenang-senang.

Aristoteles 384-322 SM

Musik berguna bagi pendidikan, politik, kenegaraan, hiburan dan alat terapi kesehatan. Karena musik adalah curahan kekuatan (1) tenaga batin dan (2) tenaga penggambaran – yang berasal dari gerak rasa dalam suatu rentetan melodi yang berirama. Keindahan dapat terjalin ketika ritme, melodi dan harmoni menyatu dalam keteraturan.

Pythagoras 572-500 SM

Musik berhubungan erat dengan matematika, bagaikan dua sisi dari satu mata uang yang sama. Karena alam semesta pun merupakan keseluruhan yang teratur; sesuatu yang harmonis seperti musik. Pythagoras mendapat sebutan sebagai “Peletak Dasar Musik Diatonis.”

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

Musik adalah bahasa ekspresi manusia yang masih harus diterjemahkan, emosi saja tidak cukup untuk menerangkan musik; oleh sebab itu diberlakukan kaidah-kaidah logis untuk mendasari kesenian. Ada perbedaan yang jelas antara keindahan alam dan estetika (keindahan seni) – musik dikatakan indah bila memiliki bentuk saling mempengaruhi nan harmonis antara imajinasi dan pengertian. Seni yang indah adalah seni dari seorang jenius, seni dari ahli pikir.

Wagner 1813-1883

Musik adalah abadi karena bersifat cita-cita dan tak terhingga sebab musik adalah puisi bunyi – yang mengawali penciptaan ide-ide musikal selanjutnya.

Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900

Hanya musik yang memberikan arti dalam hidup manusia. Musik dapat menjadi tempat pelarian sementara manusia dari kenyataan hidup.

Georg Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel 1770-1831

Tuhan memanifestasikan diriNYA ke dalam alam semesta, sedangkan seni memanifestasikan dirinya ke dalam bentuk keindahan. Jiwa musik lebih dominan daripada unsur-unsur realitas yang nampak – seperti komposisi musik atau instrumennya. Melalui musik manusia dapat menemukan dirinya yang hilang.

Langer

Estetika merupakan jalan menuju etika. Dengan musik kita mampu mencari diri dan sering menemukan ekspresi diri.

Arthur Schopenhauer 1788-1860

Musik adalah salah satu jalan untuk manusia keluar dari dunia yang penuh dengan penderitaan, sebab manusia hanya memiliki dua jalan yaitu estetis (seni) dan etis (perbuatan baik).

Rangkuman ini diambil dari buku Nada-nada Radikal karya Sukatmi Susantina.

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Christmas Tree Traditions in Spain

A popular Christmas custom is Catalonia, a lucky strike game. A tree trunk is filled with goodies and children hit at the trunk trying to knock out the hazel nuts, almonds, toffee and other treats.

Tuesday, December 9, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Norway

Nowadays Norwegians often take a trip to the woods to select a Christmas tree, a trip that their grandfathers probably did not make. The Christmas tree was not introduced into Norway from Germany until the latter half of the nineteenth century, to the country districts it came even later. When Christmas Eve arrives, there is the decorating of the tree, usually done by the parents behind the closed doors of the living room, while the children wait with excitement outside. Then follows a Norwegian ritual known as "circling the Christmas tree." Everyone joins hands to form a ring around the tree and they then walk around it singing carols. Afterwards, gifts are distributed.

Monday, December 8, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Sweden

Most people buy Christmas trees well before Christmas Eve, but it’s not uncommon to take the tree inside and decorate it just a few days before. Evergreen trees are decorated with stars, sunbursts and snowflakes made from straw. Other decorations include colorful wooden animals and straw centerpieces.

Sunday, December 7, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Ireland

Christmas trees are brought in anytime in December and decorated with colored lights, tinsel, and baubles. Some people favor the angel on top of the tree, others the star. The house is decorated with garlands, candles, holly and ivy. Wreaths and mistletoe are hung on the door.

Saturday, December 6, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Findland

The earliest account of a Christmas tree in a Finnish home is from the year 1829, when a Helsinki nobleman, Barön Klinckowstrom, had eight of them indoors. Within the next hundred years the Christmas tree tradition spread from the west and the south to all parts of Finland. The first outdoor Christmas tree decorated with electric lights stood in the market square in the town of Pietarsaari in 1905. The city of Helsinki has erected a Christms tree in the Senate Square since 1930. Since 1954, Helsinki has donated a Christmas tree to the Belgian capital, Brussels.

Source: Christmas With Virtual Finland

Friday, December 5, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Guatemala

The Christmas tree has joined the "Nacimiento" (Nativity scene) as a popular ornament because of the large German population in Guatemala. Gifts are left under the tree on Christmas morning for the children. Parents and adults do not exchange gifts until New Year’s Day.

Thursday, December 4, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Greenland

Christmas trees are imported, as no trees live this far north. They are decorated with candles and bright ornaments.

Wednesday, December 3, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Britain

The Norway Spruce is the traditional species used to decorate homes in Britain. The Norway Spruce was a native species in the British Isles before the last Ice Age and was reintroduced there before the 1500's.

Tuesday, December 2, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Mexico

In most Mexican homes the principal holiday adornment is el Nacimiento (Nativity scene). However, a decorated Christmas tree may be incorporated in the Nacimiento or set up elsewhere in the home. The typical arbolito (little tree) is often an artificial one, a bare branch cut from a copal tree (Bursera microphylla) or some type of shrub collected from the countryside.

Monday, December 1, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Canada

German settles migrated to Canada from the United States in the 1700's. They brought with them many of the things associated with Christmas we cherish today: Advent calendars, gingerbread houses, cookies--and Christmas trees. When Queen Victoria’s German husband, Prince Albert, put up a Christmas tree at Windsor Castle in 1848, the Christmas tree became a tradition throughout England, the United States and Canada.

Sunday, November 30, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Italy

In Italy, the presepio (manger or crib) represents in miniature the Holy Family in the stable and is the center of Christmas for families. Guests kneel before it and musicians sing before it . The presepio figures are usually hand-carved and very detailed in features and dress. The scene is often set out in the shape of a triangle. It provides the base of a pyramid-like structure called the ceppo. This is a wooden frame arranged to make a pyramid several feet high. Several tiers of thin shelves are supported by this frame. It is entirely decorated with colored paper, gilt pine cones and miniature colored pennants. Small candles are fastened to the tapering sides. A star or small doll is hung at the apex of the triangular sides. The shelves above the manger scene have small gifts of fruit, candy and presents. The ceppo is in the old Tree of Light tradition which became the Christmas tree in other countries. Some houses even have a ceppo for each child in the family.

Saturday, November 29, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Germany

Many Christmas traditions practiced around the world today started in Germany. It has been long thought that Martin Luther began the tradition of bringing a fir tree into the home. According to one legend, late one evening Martin Luther was walking home through the woods and noticed how beautifully the stars shined through the trees. He wanted to share the beauty with his wife so he cut down a fir tree and took it home. Once inside he placed small lighted candles on the branches and said that it would be a symbol of the beautiful Christmas sky. Hence, the Christmas tree.

Another legend says that in the early sixteenth century, people in Germany combined two customs that had been practiced in different countries around the globe. The Paradise tree (a fir tree decorated with apples) represented the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. The Christmas Light, a small pyramid-like frame, usually decorated with glass balls and tinsel and with a candle on top, was a symbol of the birth of Christ as the Light of the World. Changing the tree’s apples to tinsel balls and cookies; and combining this new tree with the Light placed on top, the Germans created the tree that many of us know now.

Today, the Tannenbaum (Christmas Tree) is traditionally decorated in secret with lights, tinsel and ornaments by the mother and is lit and revealed on Christmas Eve with cookies, nuts and gifts under its branches.

Monday, November 24, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in South Africa

Christmas is a summer holiday in South Africa. Although Christmas trees are not common, windows are often draped with sparkling cotton, wool, and tinsel.

Saturday, November 22, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Saudi Arabia

Christian Americans, Europeans, Indians, Filipinos and others living in Saudi Arabia have to celebrate Christmas privately in their own homes. Christmas lights are generally not tolerated. Most families place their Christmas trees somewhere inconspicuous.

Friday, November 21, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Phillipines

Fresh pine trees are too expensive for many Filipinos, so handmade trees in an array of colors and sizes are often used. Star lanterns or parol, appear everywhere in December. They are made from bamboo sticks, covered with brightly colored rice paper or cellophane and usually feature a tassel on each point. There is usually one in every window, each representing the Star of Bethlehem.

Sunday, November 9, 2008

Christmas Tree Traditions in Japanese

For most of the Japanese who celebrate Christmas, it’s purely a secular holiday devoted to the love of their children. Christmas trees are decorated with small toys, dolls, paper ornaments, gold paper fans and lanterns and wind chimes. Miniature candles are also put among the tree branches. One of the most popular ornaments is the origami swan. Japanese children have exchanged thousands of folded paper "birds of peace" with young people all over the world as a pledge that war must not happen again.

Senin, 24 September 2012

Senin, 05 Desember 2011

“Karena bagiku hidup adalah Kristus dan mati adalah keuntungan.” Filipi 1:21